Italy History, Language and Culture

Italy's history stretches back thousands of years and has played a central role in shaping Western civilisation. Long before the rise of Rome, the Italian peninsula was home to ancient cultures such as the Etruscans and Greek settlers, whose influence can still be seen in art, architecture and urban planning. The emergence of the Roman Empire transformed Italy into the political and cultural heart of a vast realm that once ruled much of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.

Following the collapse of Roman authority in the west, Italy fragmented into a patchwork of kingdoms, city-states and foreign-controlled territories. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, cities such as Florence, Venice, Milan and Rome became powerful centres of trade, finance and creativity. This period produced extraordinary achievements in art, science and architecture, leaving a legacy that continues to define Italy's global image.

From the 19th century onward, Italy moved towards unification, formally becoming a single nation in 1861. The 20th century brought both upheaval and renewal, including the dictatorship of Mussolini, devastation during the Second World War, and the eventual transformation into a modern republic. Today, Italy balances its deep historical roots with contemporary political, economic and cultural life, remaining one of Europe's most influential countries.

Did you know?

• Every year, visitors throw around €1–1.5 million into the Trevi Fountain. The coins are collected daily and used to fund charitable projects.
• The Leaning Tower of Pisa has been leaning almost since construction began in the 12th century, due to unstable ground beneath its foundations.
• Italy's first national park, Gran Paradiso National Park, was created from a former royal hunting reserve specifically to save the Alpine ibex from extinction.